The Iliad and Odyssey have shaped Western ideas of heroism for nearly three millennia. Despite debate over their historical accuracy, the Homeric world remains a consistent universe worth studying. The epic poems describe a society with hereditary rulers, skilled specialists, and slaves, where the aristocracy held power and influence.
The basileis, or princes, were considered the best of society and claimed illustrious ancestors. They emphasized their wealth through treasure, horses, and lavish feasts. Social interactions were horizontal, with little interaction between the aristocracy and common people.
War was endemic in the epic world, with causes often rooted in insults and wounded honor. The Trojan War, for example, was sparked by the abduction of Helen by Paris, a violation of the sacred rules of hospitality. Raiding and tit-for-tat retaliation were common, with the primary goal of acquiring resources and glory.
